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# perioperativeCPD

WARNING: we have been having some problems with the tests and can not guarantee they will give results. Sorry, the perioperativeCPD team

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Malignant Hyperthermia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare life-threatening condition that is usually triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general anesthesia. This module reviews malignant hyperthermia, its clinical features and presentations as well as its management during an MH crisis.
- [Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) is a technique of general anaesthesia which uses a combination of agents given exclusively by the intravenous route without the use of inhalation agents. This module explains how TIVA/TCI works, the popular models used and how they affect different patient groups.
- [Opioids: Peri-operative Management of Patients on Strong Opioids](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/opioids-peri-operative-management-of-patients-on-strong-opioids/) - It is very common to encounter patients on strong opioid medication. These patients present particularly challenging pain management difficulties in the peri-operative period due to behavioural, psychological and pharmacological consequences of opioid treatment.
- [Endotracheal tubes - Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Vaporisers- Understanding](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Education module explaining modern anaesthetic vaporisers
- [Local Anaesthetic Systemic Toxicity](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity is rare but when it does occur its onset may be sudden and life-threatening so it is prudent to spend time preventing rather than treating it. All theatre staff should be aware of the doses limits of local anaesthetics they use as well as the causes, signs and treatment of LAST.
- [Anaesthetic machines back to front - Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [LMAs - Proact (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/lmas-proact-sponsored/) - Single use and reusable LMA Proact
- [Combi™ Laryngoscope - Proact (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/combi-laryngoscope-proact-sponsored/) - Proact Combi Laryngoscopes single use
- [Human Biology - An introduction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Human Biology](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-biology/)
- [Capnography - Proact (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/capnography-proact-sponsored/) - Capnography – Proact
- [Proact - Creative™ PC-3000 Vital Signs Monitor  - (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-creative-pc-3000-vital-signs-monitor-sponsored/) - Proact Creative PC-3000 Monitor
- [Nonin 9590 Onyx Vantage Finger Pulse Oximeter - Proact (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/nonin-9590-onyx-vantage-finger-pulse-oximeter-proact-sponsored/) - Nonin 9590 Onyx Vantage Finger Pulse Oximeter – Proact
- [Capnograph - Proact Creative 900B Handheld (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-creative-pc-3000-vital-signs-monitor-sponsored-2/) - Proact Creative PC-3000 Monitor
- [Metal Max COMBI Disposable Laryngoscopes- Proact (sponsored)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/metal-max-combi-50-proact-sponsored-2/) - Single use and reusable LMA Proact
- [Post dural puncture headache](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/)
- [A guide to some paediatric sizes and doses used in anaesthesia and resuscitation](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/893-2/) - A guide to some paediatric sizes and doses used in anaesthesia and resuscitation
- [Pain Pathways - An introduction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Spinal Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/spinal-anaesthesia/) - This module covers the relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of safe and satisfactory spinal anaesthesia.
- [Paediatric Pain](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/paediatric-pain/) - Good quality, effective management of pain in paediatric patients is an essential component of paediatric anaesthesia. However, achieving this can be difficult for a variety of reasons not least of which is the enormous variations that occur physiologically and psychologically throughout the range of ages encountered in the paediatric population.
- [Human factors and the safety of surgical and anaesthetic care](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-factors-and-the-safety-of-surgical-and-anaesthetic-care/)
- [Interaction between anaesthetists, their patients, and the anaesthesia team](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/interaction-between-anaesthetists-their-patients-and-the-anaesthesia-team/)
- [Human factors in the management of the critically ill patient](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/interaction-between-anaesthetists-their-patients-and-the-anaesthesia-team-3/)
- [p](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-factors-in-anaesthesia-lessons-from-aviation/)
- [Lessons from the battlefield: human factors in defence anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/interaction-between-anaesthetists-their-patients-and-the-anaesthesia-team-2/)
- [Beyond monitoring: distributed situation awareness in anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-factors-in-the-management-of-the-critically-ill-patient/)
- [Patient safety: latent risk factors](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/patient-safety-latent-risk-factors/)
- [Human Factors How to Guide](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-factors-how-to-guide/)
- [Fish Anaesthetics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/fish-anaesthetics/) - Anaesthesia in fish "because we can"
- [Robert Liston](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/robert-liston/) - Robert Lister performed the only operation with a 300% mortality rate.
- [James Young Simpson](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/925-2/) - When Simpson came to on the floor he noted that Dr Keith was under the table, kicking confusedly as he came to; and Dr Duncan was still out to it. He realised straightaway that he had found something “far stronger and better than ether.” The night turned into quite a party as they took chloroform to knock themselves again and again until 3am!.....
- [Anaesthetic Drug Crib Sheet](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/anaesthetic-drug-crib-sheet/) - Anaesthetic Drug Crib Sheet
- [Anaesthetics for obese patients](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Lasers (medical) - the basic principles of](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/medical-lasers-the-basic-principles-of/) - With medical lasers becoming more common within the operating theatre and this module gives an insight into the science behind them and the potential hazards of using them.
- [Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module discusses aspiration which is a relatively rare, but potentially fatal complication of general anaesthesia occurring most commonly in emergency patients. Prevention is the key, and there are several mandatory requirements that must be fulfilled in the at-risk patient. However, in the event of aspiration occurring, treatment is essentially supportive once the airway has been secured.
- [Physiological effects of transfer for critically ill patients](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/672-2/) - Critically ill patients can be exposed to significant physiological changes during transfer that can lead to significant instability with hypoxia, hypotension, arrhythmias and changes in intracranial pressure (ICP). This tutorial will explore the physiological effects that land and air transfer have on critically ill patients and describe how these adverse physiological sequelae can be avoided or reduced.
- [Placental Abruption](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/placental-abruption/) - Placental abruption is defined as separation of the placenta from the decidua basalis before delivery of the fetus. It is extremely serious and potentially fatal.
- [Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/postoperative-nausea-vomiting/) - PONV can be common after surgery, although some patient groups are more prone to this than others. This module discusses this and what is the most effective and appropriate treatment for PONV.
- [Pre-eclampsia and Anaesthetics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/pre-eclampsia-and-anaesthetics/) - Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterised by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. Left untreated, pre-eclampsia can lead to serious even fatal complications for both mother and baby and the only cure is delivery.
- [Pregnancy: Changes Relevant to Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/changes-in-pregnancy-relevant-to-anaesthesia/) - Pregnancy causes major physiological changes to the mother's body. An understanding of these changes is the key to safe obstetric anaesthesia. The causes of these changes are initially hormonal; metabolic and mechanical factors also contribute as the fetus develops.
- [Pulse Oximetery and Oxygen Saturations](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/oxygen-saturations-pulse-oximetery/) - The pulse oximeter provides an indication of oxygen status in the body. However, the link between a pulse oximeter reading and the events occurring in the body can be complex and difficult to evaluate. We all require an understanding of factors associated with oxygen uptake and delivery to be able to use pulse oximetry in a knowledgeable way.
- [Sickle cell disease](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal haemoglobin. The abnormal haemoglobin causes distorted (sickled) red blood cells.
- [When Anaesthetics Go Wrong](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/when-anaesthetics-go-wrong/) - This one is a little different. There is no test at the end. The video is the story of Elaine Bromiley who died while under anaesthetic for a routine elective surgical procedure. Viewing this is a must for anyone working in the operating theatre and it is perfect to write up as an example of reflective practice.
- [Rapid Sequence Induction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/850-2/) - Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a method of achieving rapid control of the airway whilst minimising the risk of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents. This module covers RSI, its indications and contraindications.
- [Respiratory function and anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/657-2/) - This tutorial will explain how anaesthesia affects the respiratory system and how these effects can be managed.
- [Respiratory system I - Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System -Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Respiratory system II - The process of respiration -Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Patient positioning for surgery](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Safe tracheal extubation](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Sugammadex: an overview](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/sugammadex-an-overview/) - Sugammadex is an effective and safe agent for reversing neuromuscular blockade, in particular all depths of rocuronium-induced blockade. Sugammadex provides a real alternative to neostigmine and this module covers everything you need to know.
- [Supraglottic Airway Devices (LMAs) - Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Surgical smoke: is it safe?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Surgical smoke is now recognised as a hazard that is encountered in all operating theatres. Unfortunately, the dangers and health risks associated with it continue to be overlooked by many surgeons, nurses and theatre staff.
- [Surgical tourniquets](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/surgical-tourniquets/) - Surgical tourniquets are commonly used in the operating theatres, particularly during orthopaedic cases. Although they are very safe when used properly they can have rare but catastrophic consequences. This module covers how, where and when to use them and more importantly when not to.
- [Sutures & Needles: a review](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/sutures-needles-a-review/) - This modules reviews different suture materials, absorbable vs non-absorbable, monofilament vs multifilament and the shapes of various needles used in surgery.
- [Suxamethonium  Apnoea](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module describes the action of suxamethonium, the inheritance of suxamethonium apnoea, and the non-inherited conditions that can also cause it.
- [Temperature Management in Children](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/temperature-management-in-children/) - Maintenance of normothermia in children under going surgery is challenging. There is clear evidence in adults that even mild intra-operative hypothermia is associated with adverse outcome. This short article discusses the problems and what we can do about it.
- [Tracheostomy fundamentals](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Tracheostomies are becoming more common and the consequences of a misplaced tube can be serious so a good understanding of them is essential.
- [Urea & Electrolytes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/urea-electrolytes/) - Urea and electrolytes (U&Es) are the most frequently requested biochemistry tests. They provide useful information about several aspects of health, such as the volume of blood and its pH. The most important aspect of U&Es is what they tell us about kidney functioning.
- [Parkinson's Disease & Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/parkinsons-disease-anaesthesia/) - Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system the causes of which are poorly inderstood. This article covers its management under anaesthetic, discusses which drugs are safe for use in this patient group and whether regional or GA anaesthetic are more appropriate.
- [Paediatric Trauma](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module is mainly for those who may be called to A&E resus but the general principles are useful for anyone who works with children.
- [Paediatric Anaesthetic Emergencies: Pt II](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/paediatric-anaesthetic-emergencies-pt-ii/) - Paediatric anaesthetic emergencies can happen faster and leave less time to react the in adults. They present complex, potentially life-threatening situations that everyone engaged in giving paediatric anaesthetic should be aware of and be able to treat.This second article covers malignant hyperthermia and anaphylaxis.
- [Paediatric Anaesthetic Emergencies: Pt I](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/paediatric-anaesthetic-emergencies-pt-i/) - Paediatric anaesthetic emergencies can happen faster and leave less time to react then in adults. They present complex, potentially life-threatening situations that everyone engaged in giving paediatric anaesthetic should be aware of and be able to treat.This first article covers laryngospasm and suxamethonium apnoea.
- [Never events: an anaesthetic perspective](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - The term 'Never event' is a recent term in healthcare, but one is here to stay. This module covers the never events relevant to anaesthesia and discusses where the term originally came from.
- [Necrotising Fasciitis](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Necrotising Fasciitis CPD modlue
- [Muscle Relaxants: the fundamentals](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This comprehensive module covers all aspects of neuromuscular muscle relaxants.
- [Morphine - Still the gold standard](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/morphine-still-the-gold-standard/) - Still popular and widely used. This brief module reviews the basics of morphine, its uses, side effects and doses.
- [Major Obstetric Haemorrhage](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/management-of-major-obstetric-haemorrhage/) - Major obstetric haemorrhage is a common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality and the recognition of major obstetric haemorrhage can be challenging. This module discusses it causes, symptoms and importantly anaesthetic management of cases.
- [Local anaesthetics: understanding local anaesthetics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/local-anaesthetics-understanding-them/) - This article discusses the pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents and then briefly describes the various additives that can be used with these agents.
- [Latex Allergies](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Latex allergies can be present in both staff and patients. Perioperative workers have to be aware of the causes and consequences of latex products in the operating theatre.
- [Laryngospasm in Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/laryngospasm-in-anaesthesia/) - Recognition of at-risk patients will help to prevent laryngospasm and avoid potential significant morbidity. This module discusses laryngospasm, its recognition, prevention and treatment.
- [Labour ward: an urgent call](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Emergencies on the labour ward may have obstetric, anaesthetic, or general medical causes. This module covers the most common emergencies on the ward and what the response should be.
- [Ketamine in anaesthetic practice](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/ketamine-in-anaesthetic-practice/) - Ketamine is the only anaesthetic available which has analgesic, hypnotic and amnesic effects. When used correctly it is a very useful and versatile drug.
- [Jehovah's Witnesses and Blood Issues](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/jehovahs-witnesses-and-blood-issues/) - Jehovah's Witnesses are well known for their refusal of blood transfusions. But how much do you really know? What can or can't they have, are epidural blood patches acceptable and what rights do parents have to refuse their children blood transfusions?
- [Intraosseous Access - Understanding and establishing](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/738-2/) - Intraosseous (IO) access is an alternative method to providing venous administration of drugs and fluids. Commonly used by the military and pre-hospital medics,it is gaining popularity in the hospital setting where intravenous access is challenging or time critical.
- [Inhalation (gas) Induction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Inhalation (Gas) Induction Education Module for CPD
- [I.V. Induction Agents](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/703-2/) - I.V. induction agents are some of the most commonly used drugs in anaesthetics. This modules shows how and where they work. It then goes to review the most common I.V. induction agents and their effects on the body.
- [General anaesthesia in obstetrics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Enhanced Recovery from Surgery](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Enhanced recovery is a modern evidence-based approach that helps people recover more quickly after having major surgery. Many hospitals – although not all – have enhanced recovery programmes in place, and it's becomng standard practice following surgery for many procedures.
- [Emergency front of neck access in airway management](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module describes the guidance for emergency front of neck access, reviews the techniques to improve the making the transition to eFONA management and reviews the 'scapel, bougie, tube’ technique when performing eFONA.
- [ECT (Anaesthesia for)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) is a treatment that involves sending an electric current through the brain to trigger an epileptic seizure to relieve the symptoms of some mental health problem. This module covers the anaesthetic aspects of it.
- [ECG: a review](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/ecg-a-review/) - Health professionals use the electrocardiograph (ECG) rhythm strip to systematically analyse the cardiac rhythm. Before the systematic process of ECG analysis is described it is important to understand the individual waveforms, segments and intervals of the ECG. This module reviews all these steps.
- [Direct vision laryngoscopes - Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Difficult Paediatric Airway](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/difficult-paediatric-airway/) - There are anatomical and physiological differences between the infant, child and adult that make even the normal paediatric airway difficult for the inexperienced practitioner, particularly in children under one year of age. Good preoperative assessment and preparation is therefore key to success of the management of the difficult airway in children. This article covers this and more.
- [Diathermy: the basics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Electrosurgery or diathermy has allowed faster operating, reduced blood loss and new surgical techniques. It does have its dangers and its safe use in operating theatres requires a grasp of its mechanisms of action and potential pitfalls.
- [Diabetes & Anaesthetic Management](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/diabetes-anaesthetic-management/) - This module covers the affect of diabetes on the surgical patient and why intraoperative blood glucose control and frequent measurement of blood glucose and serum potassium are key to safe practice.
- [Deep Brain Stimulators](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/)
- [COPD and Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/copd-and-anaesthesia/) - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a commonly encountered respiratory disorder. Patients with COPD pose a challenge to the anaesthetist because intraoperative and postoperative complications occur more commonly than in those without the disease, and can lead to prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. This module provides an overview of COPD and discusses implications for the anaesthetic management of patients with the disease.
- [Compartment syndrome (Acute limb)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Education module covering acute limb compartment syndromes
- [Central Venous Lines](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Catastrophes of many kinds can occur in childbirth...](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/)
- [Cardiac transplant:  Anaesthesia for the patient with a cardiac transplant](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/cardiac-transplant-anaesthesia-for-the-patient-with-a-cardiac-transplant/) - For patients who have previously received a cardiac transplant have altered physiology, and the effects of long term anti-rejection drugs use, their anaesthetic requirements are more complicated and it is essential to know what works and what doesn't.
- [Cardiac Tamponade](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/cardiac-tamponade/) - Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening emergency that impairs the ability of the heart to fill and to pump. Although not strictly a perioperative condition it is something that all advanced life support responders should be aware of.
- [Capnography- the basic principles](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/)
- [Burns: the surgical treatment of](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/burns-the-surgical-treatment-of/) - This module covers the comprehensive assessment of burns, the steps and considerations involved in surgically treating these injuries.
- [Burn patients: the anaesthetic considerations of](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This group of patients can be challenging with profound hypermetabolism, pain management issues, potential airway problems, etc. These are all covered in this module.
- [Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/)
- [Blood Component Therapy](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/blood-component-therapy/) - Blood products are any therapeutic substances that are prepared from human blood. These can be classified into blood components (red cell concentrates, platelet concentrates, fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate) and plasma derivatives (albumin, coagulation factors and immunoglobulins). In this module we discuss the blood components and plasma derivatives that we encounter in theatre.
- [BIS: fact or fiction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Bispectral Monitoring, do it work?,
- [Awareness under Anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Awareness during anaesthesia can be very distressing for a patient, particularly if accompanied by recall of the painful nature of surgery. This article explores the types, incidence, consequences, causes, management and avoidance of intraoperative awareness.
- [Amniotic Fluid Embolism](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/amniotic-fluid-embolism/) - Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) is a rare but potentially fatal syndrome that is unique to pregnancy. AFE has emerged as one of the leading causes of direct maternal death within developed countries such as Australia, the UK and the USA. This module discusses AFE, its presentation, diagnosis and treatment.
- [Airways: predicting difficult airways](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Proper airway assessment is essential and takes less than 2 minutes. This can give an indication of a potential difficult airway. This modules covers whats involved and what to look for.
- [Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement - The physics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Intra-arterial blood pressure measurement is often considered to be the gold standard of blood pressure measurement. This accuracy however, depends on a number of physical principles of the systems used, which are explored in this advanced module.
- [Arterial lines: the fundamentals](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module covers the basic principles behind setting up, inserting and monitoring intra-arterial blood pressure lines that an anaesthetic assistant needs.
- [Arterial Blood Gas Analysis](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/) - This module explains how to do a simple easy to understand arterial blood gas analysis. How to use the 5-step approach to analyse arterial blood gas results as well as explaining how respiration and metabolism are linked and how this effects the results.
- [Apnoea & Pre-oxygenation](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/apnoea-pre-oxygenation/) - Pre-oxygenation is used in anaesthesia to prolong the time to desaturation during a period of apnoea, such as frequently happens upon induction. This can also be thought of a denitogenation. This article covers the science behind it and discusses some patient groups that need special attention.
- [Anaphylaxis - perioperative](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/perioperative-anaphylaxis/) - Perioperative anaphylaxis is not uncommon and several commonly used anaesthetic drugs can cause anaphylaxis. This modules covers latest guidelines to identifying and treating anaphylaxis in theatre as well as the post theatre care required.
- [Airway adjuncts and intubation aids - Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/#new_tab) - Airway adjuncts are designed to increase the success rate of basic airway manoeuvres, help maintain spontaneous respiration or ensuring successful bag-mask ventilation. Intubation aids are used to help the passing of an endotracheal tube through the cords rather than to help with laryngoscopy.
- [Air Embolism & anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with air embolism. It is therefore important to have an awareness of its risk factors, presentation, means of risk reduction and management of the consequences. These are all covered in this module.
- [Anaesthetic machine safety features](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module covers the safety features built into the modern anaesthetic machine.
- [Muscle Relaxants; reversal and the use of peripheral nerve stimulators.](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Paracetamol - an introduction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Autonomic nervous system](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Bronchospasm during general anaesthesia](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Nerve Impulse Conduction -Student Zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Cell Salvage: an introduction](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/perioperative-cell-salvage-an-introduction/) - This module discusses basics of perioperative cell salvage or call saver. Its principles, indications, contra-indications and the various types of system available.
- [Circle system - understanding it](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - This module this article discusses residual block, why, when and how muscle relaxants are reversed, and the importance of using a peripheral nerve stimulator when assessing the depth of block. It also covers the different patterns the stimulators use to assess how deep a neuromuscular block is.
- [Airway](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/airway/)
- [Paeds](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/paeds/)
- [](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/2820-2/)

## Pages

- [Home](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/) - PerioperativeCPD provide free education for everyone working in the theatre environment. Theatre nurses, ODPs, anaesthetic assistants, technicians, practitioners, everyone is welcome.
- [Flash cards](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/flash-cards/)
- [AAAA TEST](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/aaaa-test/)
- [Drugs app](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/app/)
- [Privacy Policy](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/privacy-policy/)
- [Proact Medical](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-medical/)
- [Contact us](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/contact-us/) - Contact Us/Feedback Please feel free to provide feedback on any of the modules, the site or anything else relevant to perioperativeCPD. We especially enjoy hearing of any improvements, ideas for modules, or even mistakes in the tests (they do occasionally appear).
- [Reflection](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/reflection/) - Reflection is now a necessary part of most CPD programmes. Love it or hate it, it is here to stay. We have a simple reflective template you can fill in that makes this process as simple as possible.
- [Flash cards bulk purchase](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/flash-cards-bulk-purchase/)
- [Proact MR Conditional Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-mr-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact HEINE Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-heine-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact Green system Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-green-system-laryngoscopes-2/)
- [Proact Conventional Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-conventional-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact Combi Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-combi-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact Combi 50 Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-combi-50-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact Laryngoscopes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-laryngoscopes/)
- [Proact ET tubes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-et-tubes/)
- [Proact Pressure infusion bags](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/pressure-infusion-bags/)
- [Proact Pulse Oximeters](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/pulse-oximeters/)
- [Proact Capnography](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-capnography/)
- [Proact Temperature Probes](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-temperature-probes/)
- [Proact LMAs](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-lmas/)
- [Proact catalogue](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/proact-catalogue/)
- [Proact ACCU-PRO™  Blood Pressure Cuffs](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/accu-pro-blood-pressure-cuffs/)
- [Student zone](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/student-zone/)
- [Human Factors](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/human-factors/) - PerioperativeCPD provide free education for everyone working in the theatre environment. Theatre nurses, ODPs, anaesthetic assistants, technicians, practitioners, everyone is welcome.
- [Other stuff](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/more-stuff/)
- [Pharmacology](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/pharmacology/) - CPD modules: Pharmacology You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Scrub](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/scrub/) - CPD modules for scrub nurses and ODPs. Free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Recent](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/recent-2/) - Recent modules: ordered by date You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Paediatrics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/paediatrics/) - CPD modules: Paediatrics You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [PACU](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/pacu/) - CPD modules: PACU or recovery based CPD modules for all nursesand ODPs. You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Other](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/other/)
- [Obstetrics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/obstetrics/) - CPD modules: Obstetrics based modules are free for all. You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Modules: a-z](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/a_z/) - CPD modules: A - Z You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Medium](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/medium/) - CPD modules: Medium You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [FAQ](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/faq/)
- [Equipment](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/physics/) - CPD modules: Monitoring You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Easy](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/easy/) - CPD modules: Easy You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Difficult](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/difficult/) - CPD modules: Difficult You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [Anaesthetics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/anaesthetics/) - CPD modules: Anaesthetics. These free online modules are for all anaesthetic assistants, nurses or practitioners.
- [Airway](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/airway/) - CPD modules: Airway based modules. You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [A&P](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/science/) - CPD modules: Anatomy and physiology education online. You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [All](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/all/) - CPD modules: All. You are free to download, print and study the modules. Once you have completed your reading come back and take the multichoice test. If you obtain a pass mark of over 80% you will have the option of printing out a certificate of completion.
- [ThemeNcode PDF Viewer SC [Do not Delete]](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/themencode-pdf-viewer-sc/)
- [ThemeNcode PDF Viewer [Do not Delete]](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/themencode-pdf-viewer/)

## FAQs

- [Who are perioperativeCPD?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/who-are-perioperativecpd/)
- [Do the modules count towards NMC CPD...](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/do-the-modules-count-towards-nmc-cpd/)
- [What will you do with my information?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-will-you-do-with-my-information/)
- [Do I need to reflect on my learning?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/i-need-to-reflect-on-my-learning/)
- [Why do you not show the correct answers at the end?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/why-do-you-not-show-the-correct-answers-at-the-end/)
- [Can we link to your website?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/can-we-link-to-your-website/)
- [Is it really free?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/is-it-really-free/)
- [Who uses perioperativeCPD?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/who-uses-perioperativecpd/)
- [Why are there not more scrub modules?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/why-are-there-not-more-scrub-modules/)
- [What is CPD?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-is-cpd/)
- [What do you mean by verifiable?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-do-you-mean-by-verifiable/)
- [Can I Help?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/can-i-help/)
- [Why did I not get a certificate?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/why-did-i-not-get-a-certificate/)
- [How many CPD points are the modules worth?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/how-many-cpd-points-are-the-modules-worth/)
- [What type of CPD is this?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-type-of-cpd-is-this/)
- [What is your mission statement?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-is-your-mission-statement/)
- [Why are the tests so hard?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/why-are-the-tests-so-hard/)
- [What do the certificates look like?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/what-do-the-certificates-look-like/)
- [Why have some articles changed?](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/hrf_faq/why-have-some-articles-changed/)

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/uncategorized/)
- [All](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/all/)
- [Anaesthetics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/anaesthetics/)
- [Scrub](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/scrub/)
- [PACU](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/pacu/)
- [Obstetrics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/obstetrics/)
- [Paediatrics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/paediatrics/)
- [A-Z](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/a-z/)
- [Recent](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/recent/)
- [More Stuff](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/more-stuff/)
- [advertisements](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/advertisements/)
- [Home page intro](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/home-page-intro/)
- [Airway 101 Equip](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/airway-101equip/)
- [Airway A&P](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/airway-anatomy-and-physiology/)
- [Human factors](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/category/human-factors/)

## Tags

- [Easy](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/easy/)
- [Medium](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/medium/)
- [Difficult](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/difficult/)
- [Airway](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/airway/)
- [Physics](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/physics/)
- [Pharmacology](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/pharmacology/)
- [Equipment](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/equipment/)
- [Science](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/science/)
- [A&P](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/aandp/)
- [Monitoring](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/monitoring/)
- [a](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/a/)
- [st](https://www.perioperativecpd.com/tag/st/)